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Israel
Chemicals, Rubber, and Plastics
The chemical industry began in the early 1920s, when a small
plant was started to extract potash and bromine from the Dead
Sea. In the past, the chemical industry concentrated on the sale
of raw materials, such as potash and phosphates, and their processed
derivatives. In the early 1980s, the industry undertook a comprehensive
research and development program, which has substantially transformed
it. Helping Israel to become one of the world's largest chemical-producing
nations was the industry's development of new treatment processes
for ceramics, glass, textiles, plastics, and wood. In 1986 the
chemicals, rubber, and plastics industries together provided 15.6
percent of total industrial sales and engaged 11 percent of the
industrial labor force.
In the 1980s, Israel Chemicals Limited (ICL)--a governmentowned
corporation--was the largest chemical complex and also dominated
Israel's mineral resources industry. Its subsidiaries included
the Dead Sea Works, Dead Sea Bromine, and Negev Phosphates. ICL
also was parent to smaller research, desalination, telecommunications,
shipping, and trucking firms. In addition, ICL owned Amsterdam
Fertilizers in the Netherlands and Broomchemie, Guilin Chemie,
and Stadiek Dunger in the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany).
In the plastics field, Kibbutz Industries Association--a member
of the Histadrut--accounted for more than 60 percent of Israel's
plastics output and more than 75 percent of plastics exports.
Virtually all the successful plastics establishments were kibbutz
owned.
Data as of December 1988
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