TAMIL NADU STATE-HISTORY

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      Tamil Nadu has rich culture and a rich tapestry of history.It presents an exciting pageant of a powerful civilization whose origin dates back to ancient times.

      Tamils belong to the Dravidian race and were the first major occupants of the country and settled in the north-western part of India long before the coming of the Indo-Aryans. Excavations have revealed that the features of the people of the Indus Valley Civilization bore a strong resemblance to this race. Later with the advent of the Aryans, the Dravidians were pushed back into the deep south where they ultimately settled.

      It is not possible to say the exact period, when the great Tamil Sangam flourished, though it can be said with some certainty that two Sangams were held well before the Christian era and the third between 100 and 250 AD. The Tamil Sangam is the one major source of knowledge about the administration, art, architecture and economic conditions that existed then.They mark the Golden Age of Tamil literature.

      Among some of the greatest compositions of the four centuries of Sangam age are Tiruvalluvar's Thirukkural which consists of 1330 couplets about morality in private and public life combined with some of life's greatest truths, compositions of the saint-poetess Avviayar, Pathupatu or ten Idylls which is a compilation of the work of several authors on philosophy, intermingled with descriptions of the natural world and Ettuthogai or the eight anthologies. Of these, the last is historically the most important as it contains a description of the daily life of the people.

      This collection of poems is the earliest record of its kind as far as the history of the Tamils is concerned. Even after the end of the Sangam age, Tamil writers, under the patronage of Royal Dynasties, continued to produce excellent literature like the two Tamil epics Silapathikaram written between 200 - 300 AD by Ilango Adigal, the son of a Chera King, and Manimekalai by Sattanar also written between the 2nd and 3rd century AD. Both contain vivid descriptions of life during their times. Over the ages, the south was to see other great poets like the Nayanmars and the Alwars and, later, the poet Kamban who composed the Tamil version of Ramayana.

      The Pallavas ruled between the 6th and 8th century AD over a large portion of Tamil Nadu with Kanchipuram as their base. Their reign was marked by battles with the Chalukyas of the north and the Pandyas of the south. Among the greatest Pallava rulers were Mahendravarman-l and his son Narasimhavarman.Among the famous temples built by the Pallavas are the temples of Kanchipuram, the Kapaliswarar and Parthasarathy temples at Chennai, and last but not the least, the magnificent poetry in rock and stone at Mamallapuram.

      Kanchi has been described extensively by the Chinese traveller Huan Tsu Ang Huan Tsu Ang who visited the city in the middle of the 6th century AD, and according to him it was a major centre of learning. Among its more famous citizens was Dharmapala, the Vice-Chancellor of the Nalanda University. Quite probably the most ancient of the dynasties of the south, the Cholas had their headquarters first at Uraiyur and later at Thanjavur and ruled over most of modern Tamil Nadu (as well as Karnataka.)

      The early Cholas reigned between the 1st and 4th century AD and the first and most famous king of this period was Karikalan. What remains of his reign today is the magnificent civil engineering achievement of the Grand Anicut which was constructed during the 2nd century and is used even to this day. The later Cholas, who went on to become a force to reckon with by defeating both the Pallavas and Pandyas, made their appearance in the 9th century under the leadership of Vijayalaya Chola and continued to dominate the South until the 13th century.The greatest of the later Cholas was Rajaraja Chola (985-1014 AD) under whose reign several islands in the Indian Ocean including (Lakshadweep, Maldives) and Sri Lanka were conquered.

      It was during the reign of Rajaraja that Chola architecture attained its peak with the building of the Brahadeeshwarar (Big) Temple at Thanjavur . Rajendra Chola-I, the son and successor of Rajaraja, consolidated and expanded the empire that was left to him by his father. The Chola empire stretched as far as central India, Orissa and parts of West Bengal. In commemoration of his victory over the latter, Rajendra-I constructed a new capital which he named Gangaikondancholapuram. Here, he built another temple to Brahadeeshwarar which is similar to the one built by his father at Thanjavur. Brahadeeswarar Temple Meanwhile, the Pandyas remained subservient to the Cholas and their opportunity to strike back came over two centuries after the death of Rajendra-I, when they overthrew a weakened Chola empire in 1267.

      The Cholas were great administrators and builders, not just of temples but of other public structures too. In the field of art, metal casting and making of bronze figures developed to a speciality, an outstanding example of which is the beautiful sculpture of the Cosmic Dancer at Chidambaram. Even today, Thanjavur is known for its bronze and other metal carvings - a remnant of the legacy that was left behind by the greatest dynasty that ruled the South. Madurai Meenakshi Temple To the people of Madurai, the Pandyan name is synonymous with the city itself.

      Legend has it that Madurai was founded by the first Pandyan King Kulasekara in the 6th century BC.The city is believed to be built at the spot where a few drops of nectar from Lord Siva's locks fell when he came to bless the people.Pandyas are also associated with Madurai's older, and perhaps more absorbing and enthralling legend of the goddess Meenakshi, who was born to the Pandya King Malayatwasan and his Queen Kachanamala. Madurai has been praised by the Greek traveller Magasthenes in the 3rd century.

      The Pandyas had trading contacts with Greece and Rome and were powerful in their own right though they were subjugated during various periods by the Pallavas and Cholas. With the decline of the Cholas, the Pandyas rose to prominence once again in the early 14th century before their challenge was snuffed out once and for all and the city of Madurai completely destroyed and ransacked by the Khilji invaders from the North in 1316. Of the four dynasties mentioned, the Cheras are comparatively less important as far as this State is concerned.

      The Cheras ruled over the south-west coast and their empire included the modern state of Kerala and parts of Western Tamil Nadu.The downfall of the Pandyas brought into Tamil Nadu a new powerful force in the form of the Vijayanagara empire which had its headquarters at Hampi in Karnataka. They overthrew the Muslims who had invaded Madurai and established supremacy, though it was their governors or Nayaks who actually brought back the lost glory to this city. The contributions of the Nayak dynasty to art and architecture of Madurai, Thanjavur and Tiruchi made Tamil Nadu a favourite destination with many tourists and pilgrims. Among the best examples are the Meenakshi temple at Madurai which was in a state of ruin before it was rebuilt by Thirumalai Nayakar.

      The Nayak's rule continued long after the collapse of the Vijayanagara empire and following them some parts of Tamil Nadu saw a period, of Maratha rule, Muslim rule under the Nawabs of Arcot and later, the advent of the Europeans and the struggle for supremacy resulted in the ultimate victory of the Europeans and symbols of their authority stands still at Fort St. George in Chennai.