Last modified: 2003-03-01 by rob raeside
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Occidental and Oriental Steamship Co, San Francisco (1874-1908)
The O&O was organized by the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads in
response to the refusal of the Pacific Mail Steamship
Company (then the dominant firm in the trans-Pacific trade) to handle cargoes
from the newly completed transcontinental railroads.
(Pacific Mail's owners also owned the Panama Railroad, whose business was
threatened by the direct lines across the United States.)
The O&O was originally operated under the British flag and manned by Chinese
crews with British officers. O&O gave the
better-established Pacific Mail several decades of stiff competition, but in
1893 both companies were acquired by the Southern Pacific
Railroad. Southern Pacific merged the businesses, but retained the O&O trade
name and flag until 1908. The flag was divided per saltire,
blue in the hoist and red in the fly, with the upper and lower quadrants
white, each inscribed with a red O. Not to be confused with the
similarly named but much later Oceanic and Oriental Navigation Company.
Source: 1908 supplement to Flaggenbuch (1905)
Joe McMillan, 7 November 2001
Ocean Steamship Company of Savannah (Savannah Line), Savannah, Georgia
(1867-World War II)
A coastal passenger and freight line serving the southeastern United States,
owned by the Central of Georgia Railway to feed freight to
the railway's Savannah terminus. The flag was white with a blue saltire between
the initials O, S, S, and Co in red.
Sources: Lloyds 1912, Talbot-Booth (1937), www.steamship.net
Joe McMillan, 7 November 2001
Ocean Transportation Co, New York
I know nothing about this company, but the flag was blue with a white torch with
yellow flames, the upper part surrounded by a yellow
circle and three short lines apparently representing rays.
Source:
US Navy's 1961 H.O.
Joe McMillan, 7 November 2001
Oceanic and Oriental Navigation Co, San Francisco (1928-1938)
The Oceanic and Oriental (not to be confused with the similarly named Occidental
and
Oriental) was a joint venture by
Matson Navigation Co.
subsidiary and the
American-Hawaiian SS Co. It was created to take over the operation of
government-owned freighters in transpacific service from
the financially troubled Swayne and Hoyt Company. Oceanic-Matson managed the
ships operating from California to Australia and New
Zealand while AHSS managed those going to China. Heavy government subsidies were
not sufficient to keep the OONC in operation,
however, and the line was disbanded in 1938. The flag was a red-white-blue
horizontal tricolor with the initials O&O in black on the center
stripe.
Source:
National Geographic (1934)
Joe McMillan, 7 November 2001
Oceanic Steamship Company (Spreckles Line), San Francisco (1878-1976)
This company operated from California to New Zealand and Australia via Hawaii.
It had its roots in a fleet of sailing vessels created in
1878 by Claus Spreckles, then a major sugar planter in Hawaii, to move raw sugar
to his refinery in California. He switched to steam in
1881 and incorporated the Oceanic Steamship Company to operate his new ships
under the Hawaiian flag (reflagged under the US flag
when Hawaii was annexed in 1898). The large steamers gave him more cargo space
than he needed for sugar, so he expanded into
merchant shipping more generally. The line was economically dependent on
trans-Pacific mail contracts from the US government, which
at the time were awarded through a political process by act of Congress. Oceanic
thrived when it had the contracts but fell into economic
problems when it didn't. Meanwhile, the Spreckles family's position in the sugar business was overtaken by other firms, calling into
question the basic reason for the shipping company's existence. As a result the
line was sold to
Matson Navigation Co. in 1926 and operated
as a Matson subsidiary thereafter. I have found two flags; based on the dates of
the sources, I would speculate that the change of flags
coincided with the purchase of the company by Matson.
Sources: Lloyds 1912, Wedge (1926): white with a red border, and on the
center
a red star within a blue circle (or letter O).
National Geographic (1934),
US Navy's 1961 H.O.,
Stewart & Styring (1963): divided horizontally red over
blue,
on the center a white diamond with a blue circle (or letter O).
Joe McMillan, 7 November 2001
David Ogden (Red Cross Line), New York (ca. 1850s)
From the design of the flag (a red St. George's cross on white), this was also
known as the St. George Line. It was operating between New York and Liverpool by
at least 1851 and was probably the fourth or fifth largest US-flagged carrier of
Irish immigrants in the mid-19th century.
Source: chart of "Private Signals of the Merchants of New York",
www.pem.org
Joe McMillan, 8 November 2001
John Ogden Pioneer Line, New York (ca. 1850s)
This line operated primarily between New York and San Francisco during the
California gold rush years. It later added service to Australia when the gold
rush there began. The flag was white with a blue cross, and on the center a
small white lozenge bearing a red disk. (Note the similarity of this flag to
that of the Australia Pioneer Line of R. W. Cameron).
Source: chart of "Private Signals of the Merchants of New York"
Joe McMillan, 8 November 2001
Old Dominion Line, New York (1867-WWII)
The Old Dominion Line was the post-Civil War successor of the earlier New York
and Virginia Steamship Company, which had been founded in 1850. It provided
service between Norfolk and New York. The name comes from Virginia's nickname,
"the Old Dominion," a reference to the colony's loyalty to the Stuarts during
the English Commonwealth period. After 1923, the Old Dominion Line was a
subsidiary of the Eastern Steamship Co. The flag was a white swallowtail with
blue upper and lower edges and the initials OD (sometimes shown with periods
after the letters) in red on the center.
Sources: Manning (1874), Lloyds 1912, Wedge (1926), www.steamship.net
Joe McMillan, 8 November 2001
Olyphant, Talbot & Co, New York
One of the three or four most important companies in the mid-19th century China
trade, this was the parent company of the well-known Olyphant & Co of Canton,
whose offices were called "Zion's Corner" because of the firm's refusal to deal
in opium--the only major trading house at the time not to do so. The house flag
of the shipping firm was a red over white swallowtail with the countercolored
letters O and T.
Source: chart of "Private Signals of the Merchants of New York"
Joe McMillan, 8 November 2001
Olympic SS Co, Seattle
A small line (only four ships as of 1949) in the Pacific Northwest. The name
undoubtedly has nothing directly to do with Greece but rather from the Olympic
mountains of Washington state. The flag somewhat resembles that of the
Standard-Vacuum Oil Company. It is
blue with a white area inscribed with the company name surmounting a large
letter O all in red.
Sources:
US Navy's 1961 H.O.,
Stewart & Styring (1963),
Styring (1971)
Joe McMillan, 8 November 2001
Ore SS Co., New York (1927-1976)
See also: Calmar SS Co., New York (pre-World
War I through post-World War II) )
These two companies were subsidiaries of the Bethlehem Steel Company, the second
largest in the United States and, at the time, the second largest in the world.
Like US Steel, Alcoa, and other companies, Bethlehem found general shipping
companies unresponsive to its needs. Ore was a purely proprietary company that
carried only Bethlehem cargoes--ore to the mills and steel to markets--while
Calmar operated between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, taking steel products
westbound and lumber eastbound. By the late 1940s, Bethlehem operated not only
these but three other steamship companies. After closing down Calmar in 1976,
Bethlehem still operated one remaining carrier, the Interocean Shipping Company,
until 1986. Both Calmar and Ore flew blue flags with white upper and lower edges
and the company initial, "C" or "O" in white stencil-style block letter.
Source: Stewart (1953)
Joe McMillan, 7 September 2001
Oriental Exporters, Inc.
I have nothing on the company. The flag was red with white stripes along the
upper and lower edges and a white O on the center.
Source:
Styring (1971)
Joe McMillan, 9 September 2001
OMI Corporation claims to be a corporate descendant of Oriental Exporters.
See www.omicorp.net and click
on the "About Us" button (also note that since 1998 they have not operated US
flagged ships). You can see at their website that OMI's funnel markings and logo
are based on the Oriental Exporters' houseflag.
Unfortunately I was unable to find an image of the actual OMI houseflag in use.
Ned Smith, 11 November 2001
Orion Shipping & Trading
I believe this was a relatively small tramp operator. The flag is interesting
and unusual: medium blue with a black diagonal stripe across
the upper hoist and a white star in the lower fly.
Sources:
Stewart (1953),
US Navy's 1961 H.O.
Joe McMillan, 9 September 2001
Thomas Owen & Co, New York
As with other flags from
"Private Signals of the Merchants of New York", mid-19th century but no other information. A yellow
flag with a red stripe from upper hoist to lower fly
between the letters T and O in black.
Source: chart of "Private Signals of the Merchants of New York"
Joe McMillan, 9 September 2001